• P. Michel, P. Evtushenko, U. Lehnert, Ch. Schneider, R. Schurig, W. Seidel, J. Teichert, D. Wohlfarth
  FZR, Dresden

A FEL in the mid infrared range is one of the applications of the ELBE cw-electron accelerator. The successful operation of the lasing process for the different wavelength is mainly determined by the alignment of the optical cavities, the bunch length and the energy spread of the electron beam so as the transversal adjustment of the beam through the FEL. The energy spread and the bunch length of the electron beam have their minima at different phase conditions of the accelerator. For various energy settings of the accelerator a special adjustment of both parameters has to be found for the lasing process. The presentation describes the diagnostic tools used at ELBE for the correct alignment of the optical cavity, the steering of the electron beam through the FEL and the adjustment of the electron beam parameters with respect to energy spread and bunch length.

• O. Grimm, H. Delsim-Hashemi, L. Fröhlich
  DESY, Hamburg
• E. Chiadroni
  Universita di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma

Various activities at the TTF linear accelerator at DESY, Hamburg, that drives the VUV-FEL are geared towards measuring the longitudinal charge distribution of electron bunches with coherent far-infrared radiation. Examples are beam lines transporting synchrotron or transition radiation to interferometers mounted inside or outside the tunnel, and studies of single-shot grating spectrometers. All such approaches require a good understanding of the radiation generation and transport mechanism and of the detector characteristics to extract useful information on the charge distribution. Simulations and measurements of the expected transverse intensity distribution and polarization of synchrotron radiation emitted at the first bunch compressor of TTF have been performed. The transverse intensity scanning provided for the first time at DESY a visual image of the footprint of terahertz radiation. Detector response measurements have been performed at the FELIX facility, Netherlands, for wavelengths between 100-160 microns, and first studies with blackbody radiation and band pass filters in the terahertz regime have been done at PTB, Berlin. The paper will summarize these results.

• J.W. Baehr
  DESY, Hamburg
• K. Abrahamyan
  YerPhI, Yerevan
• G. Asova, G. Dimitrov
  INRNE, Sofia
• V. Boccone
  Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
• H.-J. Grabosch, J.H. Han, S. Khodyachykh, G. Klemz, M. Krasilnikov, S. Liu, H.L. Luedecke, V. Miltchev, A. Oppelt, B. Petrosyan, S. Riemann, L. Staykov, F. Stephan, M. Winde, O. kalekin
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen
• M.V. Hartrott, R. Richter
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin
• J.R. Roensch
  Uni HH, Hamburg
• I. Will
  MBI, Berlin

Funding: This work has partly been supported by the European Community, contract numbers RII3-CT-2004-506008 and 011935, an by the "Impunls-und Vernetzungsfonds" of the Helmholtz Association, contract number VH-FZ-05

In spring of 2005 an essential upgrade of the photocathode laser and of the 27 m long laser beam-line took place at PITZ. A detectable improvement of the laser beam profile at the photocathode is expected. This improvement should lead to an additional reduction of the transverse emittance of the electron beam. The upgraded laser consists of a fully laser diode pumped scheme of pulse train oscillator, pre-amplifiers and booster amplifiers. The main advantages of this upgrade are improved stability, easier maintenance and long-term operations at 10 Hz repetition rate. In addition, the scheme of the optical beam-line was changed: The distance between the beam shaping aperture and the cathode was strongly reduced. Therefore a further improvement of the laser beam profile at the photocathode is expected. The laser beam-line is upgraded by an enlarged number of remotely controlled optical elements that allows the fine tuning of the laser beam characteristics during the running. New diagnostics tools are included in the laser beam-line. The paper focuses on the design of the new optical beam-line. It describes the results of electron beam measurements using the upgraded laser and the new PITZ2 electron beam-line in detail.

• L. Fröhlich, O. Grimm
  DESY, Hamburg

The longitudinal charge distribution of short electron bunches can be characterized by a measurement of their coherent far-infrared radiation spectrum. This paper will present the results obtained at the DESY VUV-FEL linear accelerator by observation of synchrotron radiation with a Martin-Puplett interferometer. The reconstructed bunch shapes are strongly asymmetric with a full width at half maximum of about 1 ps.

• H. Schlarb, V. Ayvazyan, F. Ludwig, D. Noelle, B. Schmidt, S. Simrock
  DESY, Hamburg
• F.X. Kaertner
  MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
• A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg

The control and stabilization of the longitudinal beam profile and the bunch arrival time in linac driven VUV or X-ray Free-Electron Lasers require special effort and new developments in the fields of low level RF controls, global synchronization systems and longitudinal beam feedbacks. In this paper we describe the required upgrades for the VUV-FEL at DESY to synchronize the FEL pulse and optical lasers to the level of hundred femtoseconds (FWHM).

• A. Winter, P. Schmuser, A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg
• J. Chen, F.O. Ilday, F.X. Kaertner, J. Kim
  MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
• H. Schlarb
  DESY, Hamburg

Fourth-generation light sources, such as the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) require timing signals distributed over distances of several kilometers with a stability in the order of femtoseconds. A promising approach is the use of a mode-locked laser that generates sub-picosecond pulses which are distributed in timing stabilized optical fiber links. A good candidate for a laser master oscillator (LMO) is a mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser, featuring extremely low phase noise far from the carrier. Results on the development of the LMO locked to an external reference microwave oscillator to suppress low frequency jitter, the distribution via timing stabilized optical fiber links and the reconversion of the optical pulses to a low phase noise microwave RF signals with overall femtosecond stability are presented.

• K. Honkavaara, F. Loehl
  Uni HH, Hamburg
• M. Castellano, G. Di Pirro
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• L. Catani, A. Cianchi
  INFN-Roma II, Roma
• D. Noelle, S. Schreiber
  DESY, Hamburg
• M. Sachwitz, E.S. sombrowski
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen

The VUV-FEL is a new free electron laser user facility under commissioning at DESY. High demands on the electron beam quality require sophisticated beam diagnostics tools and methods. At the VUV-FEL, the transverse characterization of the electron beam is performed using optical transition radiation (OTR) monitors and wirescanners. This paper refers the concepts, analysis, and results of these measurements. The main emphasis is put on the emittance measurements, in which we have regularly observed small rms emittances around 1.4 mm mrad for 90% of a 1 nC bunch at 127 MeV beam energy.

• G. D'Auria, P. Craievich, M. Ferianis, M.M. Milloch
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• dc. Cheever, T. Zwart
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts
• L.R. Doolittle, A. Ratti
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

The VUV soft x-ray FEL user facility, FERMI@Elettra, will use the existing 1.2 GeV linac to produce, in two separate phases, 100-40 nm and 40-10 nm, intense photon beams with single stage and double stage harmonic generation schemes respectively. To fulfill the stringent requirements of the project the present RF systems will be completely revised and upgraded. The work presented here describes the present performances of the system and plans for the linac upgrades to meet the required system specifications for FEL operation.

• S. Di Mitri, P. Craievich
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• M. Cornacchia, P. Emma, Z. Huang, J. Wu
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• D. Wang
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts
• A. Zholents
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

Funding: Sincrotrone Trieste and Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

Design studies are in progress to use the existing FERMI@Elettra linear accelerator for a seeded harmonic cascade FEL facility [1]. This accelerator will be upgraded to 1.2 GeV and equipped with a low-emittance RF photocathode gun, laser heater, two bunch compressors, and beam delivery system. We present an optimization study for all the components following the gun, with the aim of achieving high peak current, low energy spread and low emittance electron beam necessary for the FEL. Various operational scenarios are discussed. Results of accelerator simulations including effects of space charge, coherent synchrotron radiation, and wakefields are reported.

[1] C. Bocchetta, et al., FERMI@Elettra - A Seeded Harmonic Cascaded FEL for EUV and Soft X-rays, this conference.

• M. Ferianis
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• J.M. Byrd, J.W.  Staples, R.B. Wilcox
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• J. Chen, F.O. Ilday, F.X. Kaertner, J. Kim
  MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
• A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg

Fermi is the fourth generation light source that is currently being designed at ELETTRA, in the frame of a collaboration that includes LBNL and MIT. The timing system will play a crucial role in achieving the expected performance of this and other Linac based FELs due to the sub-ps electron bunch length and the expanded use of fs-lasers as key components in future light sources. Furthermore, the requirements of the timing system are also tightly linked to the applications of the generated ultrafast x-ray pulses. In this paper we present the requirements for the FERMI timing system, which will be based on optical timing distribution concepts, currently seen to be the only technique to enable an RMS jitter at the 10fs level. The timing system, intended for a user facility that is operated on a 24-h, 7-d basis, must operate stable and reliable. The fundamental components of the system are analyzed, such as the optical reference oscillator, the fiber optic stabilized links and the local optical to electrical (O/E) converters, needed for the RF plant synchronization. Furthermore, solutions for the synchronization of the diagnostic tools for the Linac as well as user related synchronization issues are presented and discussed.

• H. Tomizawa, T. Asaka, H. Dewa, H. Hanaki, T. Kobayashi, A. Mizuno, S. Suzuki, T. Taniuchi, K. Yanagida
  JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo
• F. Matsui
  ,

We have been studying photocathode single-cell pillbox rf gun for future light sources since 1996. We achieved a rmaximum field gradient of 187 MV/m with chemical-etching processed cavity. We have been developed stable and highly qualified UV-laser source for the rf gun intensively last 3 years. The UV-laser pulse (10 Hz) energy is up to 850 uJ/pulse. The energy stability (rms) of laser has been improved down to 0.2~0.3 % at the fundamental and 0.7~1.3% at the third harmonic generation. This stability is held for two months continuously. In this improvement, we just passively stabilized the system in a humidity-controlled clean room. On the other hand, the ideal spatial and temporal profiles of a shot-by-shot single laser pulse are essential to suppress the emittance growth of the electron beam from the rf gun. We prepared a deformable mirror for spatial shaping, and a spatial light modulator based on fused-silica plates for temporal shaping. With a deformable mirror, we obtained an emittance of1.6<pi> mm mrad with beam energy of 28 MeV, holding its net charge to 0.1 nC/bunch. The both adaptive optics automatically optimize electron beam for lower emittance with a feedback routine.

• H. Hama, F. Hinode, M. Kawai, T. Tanaka
  LNS, Sendai

Funding: Supported partly by a Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, #17360035

As a result of simulation study so far, a specific feature has been found in the longitudinal dynamics in thermionic RF guns. At the beginning of beam extraction, the head of the electrons from a cathode is followed immediately by the electrons just behind, which is extracted by the higher electric field than that at the head of the beam train. Thus later electrons would get velocity faster than the head of the electrons, so that the electrons are expected to concentrates onto the head of the beam under certain conditions such as the gun geometry and the strength of the RF field. In order to investigate this velocity-bunching like effect, a prototype thermionic RF gun was designed and its characteristics have been studied by a 3-D simulation code based on a FDTD (finite difference time demain) method. The gun is consists of two independentlly power feeding S-band RF cavities, and can be operated at modes with different power ratio and phase between two RFs. This paper report the thermionic RF gun is expected to produce several hundreds femtosecond pulse containing approximately 0.1 nC, which may be a powerful tool to generate THz coherent radiation or FELs driver.

• J.Y. Huang, Y.S. Bae, M.-H. Chun, Y.J. Han, S.-H. Jeong, H.-S. Kang, D.T. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.-C. Kim, I.S. Ko, H.J. Park, I.-S. Park, S.J. Park, Y.J. Park, S.Y. Rah, J.-H. Suh
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• J.H. Hong, C. Kim
  POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk

Funding: Work supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

Beam diagnostics for PAL-XFEL physics calls for precision of femto-second in time structure and sub-micrometer in beam position measurement(BPM). Existing instruments can be used for standard diagnostics such as single bunch charge measurement, wire scanner or optical transition radiator for beam size measurement. Instead, major R&D efforts should be focused on the measurement of femto-second bunch structure using electro-optic crystal, coherent radiation and transverse deflecting cavity. Nanometer BPM technique being developed in collaboration with linear collider group will also be utilized for sub-micrometer BPM. Overall plan and the ongoing R&D activities will be presented.

• W.H. Hwang, J. Choi, Y.J. Han, J.Y. Huang, H.-G. Kim, W.W. Lee
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

Funding: Work supported by MOST and POSCO.

In PALXFEL [1], the specification of the beam energy spread and rf phase is tighter than PLS Linac. We examined the rf performance in the present PLS 2.5GeV Linac. The beam energy is changed by cooling temperature, air condition, and modulator high voltage jitter. The main factor to change the beam energy is the rf phase drift by environmental conditions. We measured rf phase drift according to the variation of environmental condition and cooling temperature. We reduced the beam energy drift and the rf phase drift in long-term by improvement of cooling and air conditioning control system. Also, rf phase compensation system is needed for stable beam quality. This paper describes the microwave system for the PALXFEL the rf phase measurement and phase compensation system.

[1] Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH Pohang 790-784, Korea

• M. Kim, Y.S. Bae, J. Choi, H.-S. Kang, T.-Y. Lee
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

PLS W-FEL (1.2 GeV) and X-FEL (3.7 GeV) are designed to have large angle about 30 degree and 20 degree totally because of geometric restriction. This results in severe emittance growth. So PLS FEL BTL Design is focused to adjust emittance growth. This paper talks simulation results of emittance growth and another beam dynamic parameters.

• J.-S. Oh, S. D. Jang, I.S. Ko, S. J. Kwon, W. Namkung, Y. G. Son, J.-H. Suh
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

Funding: Supported by the POSCO and the MOST, Korea

The PAL (Pohang Accelerator Laboratory) is persuading to construct a SASE-XFEL facility (PAL XFEL) that supplies coherent X-rays. The bright and stable electron beam is essential for the PAL XEL. The electron beams has to have an emittance of 1.2 mm-mrad, a peak current of 3.5 kA, and a low energy spread of 0.5 MeV. In order to provide reasonably stable SASE output, the RF stability of 0.02% rms is required for both RF phase and amplitude. This is a technologically challenging issue for PAL XFEL. An inverter technology is to be applied to charge the PFN of a new modulator. Therefore, a new inverter system should provide very stable charging performances. This paper presents the development of an ultra stable klystron-modulator with an inverter power supply.

• G.M. wang, J.-E. Chen, Y.T. Ding, J. Hao, S.L. Huang, L. Lin, X.Y. Lu, S.W. Quan, L.F. Wang, R. Xiang, B.C. Zhang, K. Zhao, F. Jiao, D. Xie, L. Yang, F. Zhu, C. Liu, F. Wang, W. Xu, Z. Liu
  PKU/IHIP, Beijing
• Y.G. Wang
  Peking University, School of Physics, Beijing

Funding: NSFC, MOST of China

Beam loading experiments on DC-SC photoinjector test facility have been finished at 4.4 K. Upon the present experiments, the gradient of 6 MV/m is achieved. The maximum energy gain is 1.1 MeV at 4.4 K. With average beam current of 270 mA, the measured rms emittance is about 5 mm-mrad at the beam energy of 500 keV. Experiments on the test facility has validated that the DC-SC photoinjector is a good choice to provide moderate average current electron beams with low bunch charge and very high repetition rate.

• G.M. Kazakevich
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• Y.U. Jeong, B.C. Lee, S.-H. Park
  KAERI, Daejon
• G.I. Kuznetsov
  BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
• V. M. Pavlov
  Strathclyde University, Glasgow

Funding: Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics RAS, Academician Lavrentyev 11, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Laboratory for Quantum Optics, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, P. O. Box 105, Yusong, Taejon, 305-600, South Korea.

A reliable injection system of the widely tunable microtron-based terahertz Free Electron Laser (FEL) has been developed and during last few years provides stable operation of the FEL for users. The system is based on the long-life thermionic cathode assembly using 2.5 mm-in diameter monocrystalline LaB6 emitter, heated by the tungsten cylindrical filament with the power consumption less than 50 W. The cathode emits the macro-pulse current in the range of 1-1.4 A providing operation of the terahertz FEL during more than 1000 h. The cathode assembly is installed on the cover of the I-type microtron accelerating cavity in location providing an efficient injection for the acceleration with variable number of orbits. This variation widely changes the energy of the electron beam and allows on-the-fly retuning of the FEL in the range of 1-3 THz. Pulse-signal system stabilizing the emission current prevents randomized break-downs in the accelerating cavity and decreases macro-pulse power fluctuations of the FEL radiation. The fluctuations were measured to be less than 10% during long-time operation.

• N.A. Moody, D.W. Feldman, P.G. O'Shea
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland
• A. Balter
  ,
• K. Jensen
  NRL, Washington, DC

Funding: We gratefully acknowledge our funding agencies, Joint Technology Office (JTO) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR).

Photoinjector performance is a limiting factor in the continued development of high powered FELs. Presently available photocathodes have limited efficiency and short lifetime in an RF-gun environment, due to contamination or evaporation of a photosensitive surface layer. An ideal photocathode should have high efficiency at visible wavelengths, long lifetime in practical vacuum environments, and prompt emission. High efficiency cathodes typically have limited lifetime, and the needs of the photocathode are generally at odds with those of the drive laser. A potential solution is the low work function dispenser cathode, where short lifetimes are overcome by periodic in situ regeneration that restores the photosensitive surface layer, analogous to methods used in the power tube industry. This work reports on the fabrication techniques and performance of cesiated metal photocathodes and cesiated dispenser cathodes, with a focus on understanding and improving quantum efficiency and lifetime, analyzing issues of emission uniformity, and optimizing the activation procedure needed to rejuvenate the cathode. The efficiency versus coverage behavior of cesiated metals is discussed and closely matches that predicted by recent theory.

• D. Dowell, F. King, R.E. Kirby, J.F. Schmerge
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: SLAC is operated by Stanford University for the Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-76SF00515.

Improving and maintaining the quantum efficiency (qe) of a metal photocathode in an s-band RF gun requires a process for cleaning the surface. In this type of gun, the cathode is typically installed and the system is vacuum baked to ~200&deg;C. If the qe is too low, the cathode is cleaned with the UV-drive laser. While laser cleaning does increase the cathode qe, it requires fluences close to the damage threshold and rastering the small diameter beam, both of which can produce non-uniform electron emission and potentially damage the cathode. This paper investigates the efficacy of a low-energy hydrogen ion beam to produce high-qe metal cathodes. Measurements of the qe vs. wavelength, surface contaminants using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface roughness were performed on copper samples, and the results showed a significant increase in qe after cleaning with a 1keV hydrogen ion beam. The H-ion beam cleans an area approximately 1cm in diameter and has no effect on the surface roughness while significantly increasing the qe. These results and a comparison with theory as well as a scheme for installing a H-ion cleaner on an s-band gun are presented.

• G.V. Stupakov, Z. Huang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: This work was supported by the Department of Energy, contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.

Several ideas have been proposed in the past to "condition" an electron beam prior to the undulator of a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) by increasing each particle's energy in proportion to the square of its transverse betatron amplitude. This conditioning enhances FEL gain by reducing the axial velocity spread within the electron bunch. Nevertheless, a practical solution for beam conditioning remains difficult. In this paper we consider a new approach to condition the beam using nonlinear effects in the RF field. We demonstrate that such effects can generate a radial variation of the particle's energy in the beam, and and calculate the induced energy spread in the limit of weak field. Methods to minimize the emittance growth in such a beam conditioner are also discussed.

• D. Hardy, S.V. Benson, M.D. Shinn, S. Zhang
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

Funding: This work supported by the Office of Naval Research, the Joint Technology Office, the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Air Force Research Laboratory, the Army Night Vision Lab, and by DOE Contract DE-AC05-84ER40150.

A real-time spectrograph with a 1Hz update rate was designed and installed at the JLab FEL facility using a Cal Sensors PbSe array and a Roper Scientific SpectraPro 300 monochrometer. This paper describes the implementation of EPICS channel access on a remote PC running LabView with modification of vendor supplied LabView VI's to allow display of FEL light spectra in real-time on a remote workstation. This allows PC based diagnostics to be used in EPICS

• H. Bluem, A. Ambrosio, V. Christina, M.D. Cole, M. Falletta, D. Holmes, E. Peterson, J. Rathke, T. Schultheiss, A.M.M. Todd, R. Wong
  AES, Princeton, New Jersey
• I. Ben-Zvi, A. Burrill, R. Calaga, P. Cameron, X.Y. Chang, H. Hahn, D. Kayran, J. Kewisch, V. Litvinenko, G.T. McIntyre, T. Nicoletti, J. Rank, T. Rao, J. Scaduto, K.-C. Wu, A. Zaltsman, Y. Zhao
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• S.V. Benson, E. Daly, D. Douglas, H.F.D. Dylla, L. W. Funk, C. Hernandez-Garcia, J. Hogan, P. Kneisel, J. Mammosser, G. Neil, H.L. Phillips, J.P. Preble, R.A. Rimmer, C.H. Rode, T. Siggins, T. Whitlach, M. Wiseman
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
• I.E. Campisi
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• P. Colestock, J.P. Kelley, S.S. Kurennoy, D.C. Nguyen, W. Reass, D. Rees, S.J. Russell, D.L. Schrage, R.L. Wood
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• D. Janssen
  FZR, Dresden
• J.W. Lewellen
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois
• J.S. Sekutowicz
  DESY, Hamburg
• L.M. Young
  TechSource, Santa Fe, New Mexico

Funding: This work is supported by the Naval Sea Systems Command, the Office of Naval Research, the DoD Joint Technology Office, the Missile Defense Agency and the US Department of Energy.

Reliable, high-brightness, high-power injector operation is a critical technology issue for energy recovery linac drivers of high-power free electron lasers (FEL). Advanced Energy Systems is involved in three ongoing injector programs that target up to 0.5 Ampere current levels at emittance values consistent with the requirements of the FEL. One is a DC photocathode gun and superconducting RF (SRF) booster cryomodule. A 748.5 MHz injector of this type is being assembled and will be tested up to 100 mA at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLAB) beginning in 2007. The second approach being explored is a high-current normal-conducting RF photoinjector. A 700 MHz gun, presently under fabrication, will undergo thermal test in 2006 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Finally, a half-cell 703.75 MHz SRF gun is presently being designed and will be tested to 0.5 Ampere at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in 2007. The status and projected performance for each of these injector projects is presented.

• L. Merminga
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

Funding: Work supported by the US DoE contract No. DE-AC05-84ER40150.

Successfully operating, pioneering Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) – based Free Electron Lasers (FELs) have paved the way towards powerful and highly efficient accelerators based on the principle of energy recovery. Pursued and envisioned ERL applications worldwide include high brilliance light sources for the production of both spontaneous and FEL radiation, high-energy electron cooling devices, and electron-ion colliders. The required electron source parameters, average beam current and beam energy of the proposed applications are a significant extrapolation from demonstrated performance. We present an overview of the accelerator physics and technology challenges encountered in the design of the various ERL projects around the world, as well as progress and development plans to achieving the required performance.

• W. Decking
  DESY, Hamburg

X-ray Free-Electron Lasers facilities are planned or already under construction around the world. This talk covers the X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers LCLS (SLAC), European XFEL (DESY) and SCSS (Spring8). All aim for self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) FEL radiation of approximately 0.1 nm wavelengths. The required excellent electron beam qualities pose challenges to the accelerator physicists. Space charge forces, coherent synchrotron radiation and wakefields can deteriorate the beam quality. The accelerator physics and technological challenges behind each of the projects will be reviewed, covering the critical components low-emittance electron gun, bunch-compressors, accelerating structures and undulator systems.

• L. Serafini
  INFN-Milano, Milano

We will compare merits and issues of these two techniques suitable for increasing the peak current of high brightness electron beams. The typical range of applicability is low energy for the velocity bunching and middle to high energy for magnetic compression. Velocity bunching is free from CSR effects but requires very high RF stability (time jitters), as well as a dedicated additional focusing and great cure in the beam transport: it is very well understood theoretically and numerical simulations are pretty straightforward. Several experiments of velocity bunching have been performed in the past few years: none of them, nevertheless, used a photoinjector designed and optimized for that purpose. Magnetic compression is a much more consolidated technique: CSR effects and micro-bunch instabilities are its main drawbacks. There is a large operational experience with chicanes used as magnetic compressors and their theoretical understanding is quite deep, though numerical simulations of real devices are still challenging, in particular for 3D self-consistent modeling. Most of present FEL drivers foresee in their lay-out a multiple-staged magnetic compression that brings the bunch peak current all the way from the photoinjector exit (at typically 50-100 A) up to the linac exit at a multi-kA level (total compression by a factor 30 to 60). As an alternative option, we will discuss how to integrate the two techniques into a typical FEL linac, with the aim to marry the merits of both and to mitigate the issues.

• T. Limberg, M. Dohlus
  DESY, Hamburg

In present designs for FEL's with high electron peak currents and short bunch lengths, higher harmonic RF systems are often used to optimize the final longitudinal charge distributions. This opens degrees of freedom for the choice of RF phases and amplitudes to achieve the necessary peak current with a reasonable longitudinal bunch shape. It had been found empirically that different working points result in different tolerances for phases and amplitudes. We give an analytical expression for the sensitivity of the compression factor on phase and amplitude jitter for a bunch compression scheme involving two RF systems and two magnetic chicanes as well numerical results for the case of the European XFEL.